Milestones in India-Nepal Relations (Chronological):

Major Milestones:

1. 1950: Treaty of Peace and Friendship:

• Context: Signed shortly after India's independence and Nepal's emergence from Rana rule.
• Importance: Established a special relationship between the two nations, guaranteeing free movement of people and goods across the border. It also laid the foundation for close cooperation in economic, defense, and foreign policy matters. This treaty remains the bedrock of the bilateral relationship.

2. 1959: India-Nepal Trade and Transit Treaty:

• Context: Aimed at formalizing trade relations and providing Nepal access to seaports.
• Importance: Granted Nepal access to Indian ports for its international trade. This treaty has been instrumental in facilitating Nepal's economic development, though periodic revisions and disputes over transit rights have also been witnessed.

3. 1965: India-Nepal Agreement on Cooperation in Controlling Unauthorised Trade:

• Context: To address concerns about smuggling and illegal trade across the open border.
• Importance: This agreement aimed at curbing illicit trade, particularly in goods originating from third countries. It reflects the ongoing challenge of managing an open border while safeguarding economic interests.

4. 1990: Restoration of Multi-party Democracy in Nepal:

• Context: Following a popular movement, Nepal transitioned from a monarchy to a multi-party democracy.
• Importance: India welcomed and supported Nepal's democratic transition. This period saw a renewed emphasis on strengthening democratic institutions and promoting economic cooperation between the two countries.

5. 2015: Promulgation of the Constitution of Nepal:

• Context: Nepal adopted a new constitution after years of political negotiations.
• Importance: While India acknowledged the promulgation, it also expressed concerns over some provisions related to federalism and citizenship, leading to a period of strained relations and an unofficial economic blockade. This event highlighted the complexities and sensitivities within the India-Nepal relationship.

6. 2020: Border Dispute and Map Controversy:

• Context: Nepal published a new map including territories claimed by both countries, leading to heightened tensions.
• Importance: This marked a significant downturn in bilateral relations, with both sides engaging in strong rhetoric and military deployments. It underlined the need for dialogue and diplomatic solutions to resolve long-standing border issues.

7. 2021-Present: Efforts Towards Normalization:

• Context: Both nations have engaged in diplomatic efforts to restore normalcy in relations.
• Importance: High-level visits, resumption of dialogue mechanisms, and cooperation in areas like COVID-19 response signal a thaw in relations. However, challenges remain in addressing underlying issues like border demarcation and economic disparities.

Minor Milestones:

• 1951-1960: India provides significant financial and technical assistance to Nepal for its development plans.
• **1962: ** India and Nepal agree to jointly construct the Kosi and Gandak barrages for flood control and irrigation.
• 1989: India imposes an economic blockade on Nepal, citing security concerns and Nepal's close ties with China. The blockade significantly impacts Nepal's economy.
• 1996: The Mahakali Treaty is signed, aiming to harness the Mahakali River's water resources, but its implementation remains a point of contention.
• 2001: Both countries sign an Extradition Treaty to combat cross-border crime.
• 2014: India pledges support for Nepal's reconstruction efforts following a devastating earthquake.
• 2018: Nepal joins the International Solar Alliance, an initiative launched by India.

Conclusion:

India-Nepal relations have been characterized by a unique blend of cooperation and complexity. While the historical, cultural, and economic ties remain strong, navigating geopolitical realities, managing border disputes, and addressing economic disparities pose ongoing challenges. The future of this relationship hinges on mutual respect, sensitivity to each other's concerns, and a commitment to dialogue and peaceful resolution of outstanding issues.